Testing 5G infrastructure for satellite connectivity in low-orbit

Testing 5G infrastructure for satellite connectivity in low-orbit

Russia Embraces 5G Non-Terrestrial Networks for Digital Transformation

Russia is taking a significant step towards improving mobile communication services in remote areas by implementing 5G Non-Terrestrial Network (NTN) technology using Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites. This move aims to provide high-speed internet access and seamless connectivity in regions where terrestrial network coverage is insufficient [1].

The strategic plan, represented by Russia's "Dawn" satellite constellation, aims to launch about 300 LEO satellites by the end of 2027, focusing on delivering fast and reliable internet access, particularly to underserved and remote regions [1].

Key Aspects and Challenges

The LEO constellation enables 5G NTN services that overcome geographic barriers, connecting remote communities with stable broadband speeds through satellite links integrated with terrestrial mobile networks [1][5]. However, ground terminals, which are required to connect to satellites, are currently costly—up to ₽1 million (~$13,500)—representing a significant barrier to wide consumer adoption [1].

Satellites in low orbit require replacement every 5–8 years due to orbital decay and atmospheric drag, adding to operational costs [1]. Non-terrestrial 5G networks face issues like large propagation delays and Doppler shifts due to satellite movement. However, advancements in technology, such as self-synchronization and timing adjustments using orbital information and GNSS data, help mitigate these synchronization problems for NTN devices [2].

Integrating NTN with terrestrial networks and maintaining secure, low-latency, and energy-efficient communication remains a complex research area [4]. The draft for satellite operators does not provide details on the specific penalties for non-compliance with the new rules [6].

Regulatory Environment

While Russia focuses on its domestic satellite constellation and regulatory coordination internally, other regions such as Europe have progressed on harmonizing regulations for satellite IoT communications in unlicensed bands, enabling expanded satellite services like LoRaWAN for IoT in remote areas [3].

Future Plans

The Russian government is committed to expanding its LEO satellite network as a national priority within the "Data Economics and Digital Transformation of the State" program. The goal is to achieve comprehensive digital coverage within the next decade, which supports not only internet access but also industrial IoT and smart services in remote locations [1].

Preliminary estimates suggest that launching 400 satellites will require investments of 300-350 billion rubles [7]. From 2026, satellite operators in Russia will be required to comply with the new rules for SORM and TSPU systems and the connection of 5G devices to satellite networks [6].

The initial stage of the project involves three preparatory phases: creation of a test station, testing on a satellite platform, and launch of test satellites [8]. The draft for satellite operators is aimed at Russia's vast geography and low population density [9].

Satellite-cellular communication systems have been actively developing worldwide, with operators testing and deploying hybrid networks in partnership with satellite companies [10]. MTS representatives state that constellations of low Earth orbit satellites will allow mobile operators' subscribers to stay connected in almost any point on Earth [11].

Viktor Belov, MTS Vice President for Telecommunication Infrastructure, stated that the implementation of 5G NTN non-terrestrial wireless network technology will provide Russia with seamless mobile communication services [12]. A prototype of a 5G base station was tested using hybrid non-terrestrial network (NTN) technology [13].

In summary, the 5G NTN deployment using LEO satellites in Russia promises to overcome terrestrial network gaps in remote areas through government-backed satellite constellations but faces high initial costs, technical challenges in synchronization and secure communication, and the need for ongoing satellite replacement. Regulatory frameworks and technological standards support this integration, and Russia’s large-scale plans aim to establish sovereign satellite internet capabilities by 2027 [1][2][5].

1. The strategic plan for Russia's "Dawn" satellite constellation focuses on utilizing 5G Non-Terrestrial Network (NTN) technology with Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites, primarily for delivering fast and reliable internet access, particularly in remote and underserved regions, furthering the scope of science, space-and-astronomy, and technology.
2. As part of the National Priority under the "Data Economics and Digital Transformation of the State" program, Russia aims to achieve comprehensive digital coverage within the next decade, which will not only improve internet access but also support industrial Internet of Things (IoT) and smart services in remote locations, leveraging advancements in 5G NTN technology, science, and technology.

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